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The Evolution of Causality in Understanding Disease
Understanding causality has always been central to the quest for knowledge about health and disease. From the philosophical inquiries of Aristotle to the precision of modern causal inference frameworks, our ideas about what causes disease and how to intervene have evolved through centuries of intellectual effort. This article traces that journey, highlighting key contributions from…
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Why Vaping Is More Dangerous Than Cigarette Smoking And Why We Must Act Now
Introduction Vaping was once promoted as a safer alternative to smoking. However, emerging evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may pose equal or even greater health risks compared to traditional cigarettes, particularly among youth. Unlike conventional tobacco products, vape liquids often contain a complex mix of chemicals, heavy metals, and flavouring agents that can bypass…
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Separating Prescriptions and Medicines: Can It Reduce Healthcare Costs?
Healthcare costs in Malaysia are rising, and one of the main reasons is the high price of medicines. A policy that is often discussed as a possible solution is dispensing separation (DS). This means doctors will only diagnose and prescribe medicines, while pharmacists will be the ones to supply the medicines. Right now in Malaysia,…